Dedicated to the great sensory physiologist and philosopher, Ernst Mach (1838-1916), co-founder of the Vienna Circle of Logical Empiricism.

Preface Dr. Nadim Sradj’s book “ Aesthetics and its Significance in International Politics “, encapsulates the application of aesthetics in both the 20 th and the the 21 st century. As regards the latter , aesthetics is in the genres of : cultural diversity, State Terrorism, identify of a nation and aesthetics as an instrument of foreign policy I am particularly interested in Dr. Nadim Sradj’s comparative study of political aesthetics both in the 20 th and 21 st centuries and their relative themes . As an international Lawyer, I for one find the political aesthetics of the 21 st century and its themes of particular significance, more particularly the current themes of the ongoing destructions of world cultural heritage and museums; which inevitably leads to the legal foundations for international jurisdiction . We are indeed in a time of Clashes of civilizations , where cultural heritages are used as a weapon of wars . The direct results of which are t by e destruction of cultural and political lineages. “ Political aesthetics based on sensory physiology is the conscious perception of political processes and the assessment of these processes, according to the criteria of universal values. It sensitizes the perception of signals and phenomena of the spirit of age ( Zeitgeist). “. A powerful and captivating Work . In our era, we are encountering an augmentation of anti- aesthetics, namely an apparent aggression against a generally accepted value system, ; for example the destruction of the of the Syrian sites of Palmyra and of the churches in Ma’alula. This book will inspire a new and improved International law and diplomacy perspective. A new prism of diplomacy is born . Dr. Nadim Sradj’s work is a must read for all foreign policy professionals and law schools. Dr. Ugoji A Eze , Esq , author of Reaffirming US Commitment To Refugees: A Challenge To Security And Engagement. International Lawyer, United Nations Headquarters, New York, January, 2022

Table of Contents I Introduction II the general understanding of aesthetics: individual, a matter of taste, relatively closely related to the term "beauty", and closely related to the term "beauty", Origin and meaning of the word "aesthetics III the two divergent directions of aesthetics 1. aesthetics as part of philosophy (alongside logic and ethics) The humanistic method 2. aesthetics on the basis of sensory physiology and Sensory pathology (stimulus-reaction) Natural scientific method IV Aesthetics and Politics: Inner and Outer Aesthetics: 1. inner aesthetics related to ethics and morality (inner attitude) 2. external aesthetics: the appearance (image) of persons, states and institutions 3. aesthetics - an-aesthetics - anti-aesthetics and their effects on international politics Culture struggle - culture war - World aesthetics - world cultural heritage 4. the shift of emphasis from the 20th to the 21st century 5. political aesthetics without borders V Appendix: image and concept VI Summary